Pussy Willows for Palm Sunday

​Painting by J. Ryszkiewicz title "Na Palmowa"  ( For Palm Sunday). Google Images.

After the long days of fasting and prayer during Lent, the arrival of Palm Sunday was a joyous occasion for the people of Poland. It meant that Lent would soon be over but more importantly it ushered in the most important celebrations of the Catholic faith.

In Catholic liturgy, Palm Sunday celebrates the day on which Jesus, riding on an ass entered Jerusalem with his disciples. He was met by cheering crowds who threw palm and olive branches before Him. In Poland, one of the names for Palm Sunday was, and still is, Niedziela Wierzbowa, or Willow Sunday. Lacking the palms that were indigenous to Jerusalem the Polish people looked for the first harbinger of spring. Among the first to blossom were the furry catkins of pussy willow. If Palm Sunday fell very early on the calendar, the branches would be cut and brought indoors to be placed in warmth and water to encourage them to blossom in order to have a "palm" to take to church to be blessed on that day, something the Poles had been doing since blessing palms was introduced in the Catholic liturgy in the 11th century. The willow branches became a symbol of spring, of renewal, of Christ's death and Resurrection. It also became embedded in the customs, traditions, and beliefs of the people of Poland as well as in its art and literature.

Writing in the early 1900's, Polish writer Władysław Reymont described the importance of the willow branches on Palm Sunday in a small Polish village in his Noble Prize winning book, Chłopi (The Peasants: Spring):

   He (Witek) threw down an entire bunch of still damp branches covered in golden catkins on the chest and     Józka began arranging them, tying them with red wool.

 "Józia, you'll let me carry the palms?" he asks.

 "You know that only women may take them to be blessed," she replies.

"I'll give them back to you in front of the church...only to carry them through the village."

Returning home with the blessed willow branches "...she set about swallowing the buds, for the consecrated palm boughs were believed to be a preservative against sore throats."

The swallowed buds also protected against headaches when the blessed branch was touched three times to the head. The blessed pussy willows would also be used later on Easter Monday when individuals would lightly strike a person to assure against illnesses and to expel the winter doldrums by saying:

 Nie ja biję, Wierzba bije, Bądź zdrów do roku i po roku!
I don't strike you, the  Willow strikes you. Be healthy all year and beyond the year.
 
The blessed branches were believed to bring good fortune and prosperity. The end of a branch was inserted in holy water and used to bless the house, farmyard, and barn. They were tucked behind holy pictures and a small piece was nailed above an entry way where it stayed all year long in order to bring God's blessings and protection to the house. It was believed that the blessed palms protected against fire and strikes by lightning. To insure this the pussy willows were also tucked into rafters and during storms a branch was placed next to the burning gromnica, the candle lit during time of thunder and lightning.

During the Easter week activities the palms were struck into the earth to protect the fields from the destruction of crops by hail and placed at the corners/ boundaries of fields in order to assure a good crop. Pieces of the palm branch or the catkins were placed in the nest of geese and ducks, in the eaves of a beehive, plaited into a fishing net or placed under the blade of a plow when it first went out for the first plowing in the spring. The cows were touched with a blessed branch when they went out to pasture for the first time in the spring to protect them against witches who would steal their milk. It was placed in the barn when the first sheaves of wheat and rye were brought in as protection against mice and other insects that could ruin the grain.  

Throughout the year the blessed palms were used in all aspects of home life until the approach of Lent  when the old palms were burned and the ashes used to make the sign of the cross on the foreheads of the faithful on Ash Wednesday. And then the cycle began once again when the people of Poland waited once again for the next greening of the willow boughs to be proudly (as Reymont's character seems to suggest) carried through the village and to church to be blessed once again.

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